Biblical Monotheism and Pancasila’s First Principle: A Christian Theological Engagement with Indonesian Religious Pluralism

Abstract

This article examines the theological concept of divine unity as reflected in Indonesia’s national philosophy, Pancasila, with a specific focus on its first principle, “Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa” (Belief in the one and only God). The research situates Christian biblical theology within the pluralistic religious landscape of Indonesia, articulating how the understanding of God’s unity informs interfaith dialogue and national cohesion. Employing a methodological approach grounded in exegetical analysis, the article elucidates the etymological, linguistic, and philosophical aspects of the Indonesian term ‘Ketuhanan’ (Divinity) and examines its implications for theological monotheism. Through a close reading of pivotal Old Testament texts, the article demonstrates that the affirmation of one God is deeply rooted in biblical revelation. This interpretative work seeks to corroborate the national ideology with scriptural truth, arguing that Pancasila can be affirmed by Christians not as a secular compromise but as a value resonant with the core tenets of their faith, thereby providing a theologically coherent basis for full participation in national life.  The findings underscore the transformative role of biblical monotheism in shaping ethical citizenship and reinforcing the spiritual foundations of national identity. This article contributes novel insights into the integration of Christian theology with a pluralistic national ideology, critically discussing its implications for Christian inclusivity and civic responsibility within Indonesia's dynamic socio-religious landscape.