The Faculty of Theological and Philosophical Studies offers the Bachelor’s Degree in Philosophy and the Bachelor’s Degree in Theology, both aimed at providing students with a solid foundation in their respective disciplines, preparing them for academic work, and fostering a rigorous reflection on truth, meaning, and the rationality of Christian faith through research. In keeping with this purpose and with the identity of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, our students have decided to create a publishing space that allows them to share their progress, research, and reflections. Thus, the Inmanere Journal is born, as a result of collaboration between the Philosophy and Theology communities, with the aim of offering a place for the publication of research articles, essays, and reviews that promote dialogue between both fields of knowledge. Rooted in the philosophical and theological traditions, and open to other disciplines, the journal seeks to contribute to the pursuit of truth that transcends the various conceptions of the world and unites humanity. We invite the entire academic community to embrace this space as a platform for reflection and exchange on the issues that inspire interest among our students and faculty, hoping that, as these reflections evolve, they may awaken in us a deeper awareness of aspects of reality that we may not have previously perceived.
Universidad Católica de la Santísma Concepción
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Insecurity and inhospitability. A phenomenology of dwelling from the experience of fear in Being and Time
This article develops a phenomenological reading of insecurity (Unsicherheit) as an affective experience of fear, within the framework of the fundamental ontology of Being and Time. Through a hermeneutics of the concrete, it argues that insecurity reveals a structural dimension of everyday living, by manifesting the fragility of the trust that sustains the shared world. Unlike inhospitableness (Unheimlichkeit), which deconstructs the world from a radical ontological plane, insecurity presents itself as a situated form of destabilisation that emerges from within the world. The work reconstructs the structural articulation between insecurity-fear and inhospitableness-anguish and recovers the Aristotelian trace in the understanding of fear as a situated affective disposition. Finally, it concludes that insecurity allows us to rethink inhabiting as a practice sustained by trust, the rupture of which exposes the conditions of possibility of living together, especially in contexts of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernanda Espinoza-Yañez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Max Scheler: love, tragedy and philosophy
This article analyses and relates three central elements in Max Scheler's thought: love, tragedy and philosophy. Since Scheler deals with these themes in mostly separate works, it is proposed to articulate them by tracing and making explicit key passages, showing how each one enables and grounds the next one until their final interrelation. In addition, freedom and suffering, necessary elements for the continuity of the analysis, will be considered, although treated in a shorter way. The approach will follow a clear and orderly itinerary, allowing an understanding of the function and place of each element in Schelerian philosophy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernando Luna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
This article analyses the philosophical and practical foundations of deep ecology, highlighting its pluralism and cross-cultural character. It proposes the "Apron Diagram", which organises its principles into four levels: philosophical-religious beliefs, normative platform, political consequences and concrete actions. The eight-point platform emphasises the intrinsic value of life and the need to limit human interference. Systematic rigidity is rejected in favour of flexibility sensitive to diverse cultural contexts. The author argues that the strength of deep ecology lies in its ability to articulate common principles without homogenising fundamental beliefs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luciano Astudillo; Arne Naess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The understanding of the anthropological movement in despair. Kierkegaard and the unfolding of man in the self
This text examines man's relationship with himself, driven by his despair as an anthropological development. Starting from Søren Kierkegaard's theoretical proposal, it seeks to describe man's dialectical journey towards himself in relation to an absolute, which is external to him. Man is defined only by his most immediate representation, as a set of flesh and blood, but as spirit. In his transcendence, his life does not end with the perishing of his physical body; likewise, sin, inherent to his being, always accompanies him. Uneasy with himself, man perceives his capacity to transform himself into a more authentic form, capable of attaining fulfillment. This responds to a teleology established by the existence of God, even if it does not determine man's actions. Finally, the process of self-actualization, from the aesthetic to the religious stage, can be understood as a progression from a lesser to a greater degree of faith. In other words, his transformation takes place on account of an authentic existence, achieved through a development driven by despair.
Copyright (c) 2024 Leonardo Martin Baños Ballenas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The ethics of the other in Levinas as a means for the development of political thought
This article explores Emmanuel Levinas's political thought through his ethics of the face and its relation to the concept of alienation developed by Guy Debord. It analyzes how alienation, rather than being merely a state of loss, becomes a means of ethical self-discovery and openness toward the other. From this perspective, a connection is established between Levinas's ethics and Debord's critique of capitalism and dehumanization, integrating the shared historical context of both authors. The study concludes that Levinas's ethics is not only an individual response but also a proposal for social and political transformation grounded in alterity. This work offers a novel perspective by linking these authors around responsibility and social justice.
Ethics of the face, alienation, Emmanuel Levinas, Guy Debord, political thought
Copyright (c) 2024 Luis Canales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Approach to Kantian Ethics: A Echo of Protestant Theology?
The purpose of this work is to examine the principles of the Protestant Reformation, particularly the theology advocated by Luther, to assess its possible influence on Kant's moral philosophy. Through the analysis of justification by faith, the primacy of morality over works, reflection on the human condition and the relationship with God, subjectivity in interpretation, and the moral autonomy of the individual, as well as the influence of philosophers like Scotus, we will explore the connections between Kant and the Protestant Reformation. Despite the apparent differences between the two, essential elements shared in their understanding of morality and human nature are identified.
Protestant Reformation, moral philosophy, Lutheran theology, Luther, Kant.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nicolás Fuentes Valdebenito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Immanuel Kant and the German Enlightenment
The following essay aims to present the philosophical thought of the main exponents of the German Enlightenment, who have directly and indirectly influenced Immanuel Kant's philosophical work. I have focused on the contributions of four of them, Christian Wolff (1679-1754), Alexander Godfrey Baumgarten (1714-1726), John Henry Lambert (1728-1777) and John Nicholas Tetens (1736-1807). The philosophical system of each of the authors will be briefly developed, and it will be sought to clarify what they contributed to the elaboration of Kant's thought, with emphasis on his work The Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals.
Copyright (c) 2023 Brian Orellana Cerna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epicurean philosophy and its possible association Within the Greek polis at a civic and political level.
In this article, we will seek to account for how Epicurean philosophy does not really seek a separation or total distrust of the civic and political concept in association with the Greek polis. Thus realizing that life in the polis is not really limited or is not totally relegated to the bases of epicurean hedonism. And how this is helpful for concepts such as the bases of Epicurean philosophy such as "ataraxia" and "aponia". For this we will guide ourselves through a bibliographical-documentary review, to confirm the following research question. Is there really in Epicurean hedonism and essentially in its ethics an absence of the civic and political relations present in the Greek polis? Guiding us from his ethics and different edges to get to verify the following hypothesis to discuss if there is a connection between civic and political life as it develops in pursuit of ataraxia and support of epicurean hedonism
Copyright (c) 2023 Luis Canales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pyrrhonism in Blaise Pascal's wager argument
The fragment known as "The Argument of the Wager" (Pascal, 2012, Fr. 418-233) is one of the most extensive in Pascal's work, Thoughts. In this dialogue between a Pyrrhonist and a believer, there is a debate on the advisability of betting in favor of the existence of God. In this paper, I propose to examine the presence of the Pyrrhonian in the argument and to consider how Pascal deals with it. This proposal allows us to analyze an ethical-religious and practical problem posed by the Frenchman in the argument: what kind of life is preferable: that which immerses itself in Pyrrhonism and, by the suspension of judgment, bets neither for nor against the existence of God, among other things? Or that which bets in favor of the existence of God and lives according to Christian customs? Through this approach, I argue that the presence of Pyrrhonism in the argument from the wager cannot be ignored or silenced, since it plays a fundamental, though not exceptional, role in Thoughts.
Copyright (c) 2023 Alison Caceres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The pragmatic foundation of Jürgen Habermas’s Liberalism
When analyzing the proposal of political liberalism from Jürgen Habermas in the texts Las bases morales prepolíticas del Estado Liberal (2004) and Debate sobre el liberalismo político (1998) it is important to consider the construction of the lifeworld from the Theory of Communicative Action II (1987). This with a specific purpose: to show how agreement arises in intersubjectivity based on linguistically themed normative foundations. However, to arrive at this deduction, it is necessary to go to the main source: the pragmatic foundation of the lifeworld with the authors Austin, J. (1990) and Searle, J. (1990). Thus, in this article we intend to relate the pragmatic foundation with political liberalism from the German author. For this purpose, it will start with Locke's contractualism to observe that in the development of Habermas on political liberalism there is an immersion of classical contractualism to later propose the agreement within communication.
Copyright (c) 2023 Juan Camilo Grisales Giraldo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Desires in Plato’s Lysis and their function in the development of friendship
The objective of this article is to carry out an analysis of the term ἐπιθυμίαι in Plato's Lysis. We seek to demonstrate that desires, despite being analyzed from an exclusively irrational and negative perspective, are intrinsically linked to the very formation of friendship and are also necessary and inevitable in the life of human beings. This relevance is accentuated by observing the following: passage 221b (6-7) of the Lysis focuses solely on sensible appetites, while passage 221d (4-5) seems to refer to a type of general desire capable of adequately guiding particular desires. It is curious that Plato associates sensible appetites with this general desire, and that both interact constantly. It seems – and this is what I will try to demonstrate throughout the text – that these immediate desires play a crucial role in the very structuring of friendship. In the context of the discussion on this topic, we find the insights of Miguel Baró (2008), who considers that desires are our closest and most essential connection in our relationships with the world.
Copyright (c) 2023 Arturo Álvarez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
State otherness from classic contractualism: initial proposals from Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
The aim of this reflection is to understand, through the notion of Otherness as a philosophical category, the various conceptions that can be found regarding the idea of the other, when shaping and establishing the emerging Modern Political State as a philosophical meditation, particularly from the ideas of some of the great founders of the contractualist theories: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The chosen path for such a journey is the hermeneutic method for the analysis and reflection of various foundational texts from each author, contemplating and exploring the portrayal in the proposals of the figures of otherness found. Such elements are important to analyze within the various meditations on the State, particularly from the ruminations of political philosophy. When shaping the way in which the political and social sphere is to be directed and organized (although there are more), the notions of state otherness will be fundamental to understanding such conceptions, as well as the way in which the one different from me, the other, will be named and categorized, yet participating in the effects of the social contract.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jesús Margarito Muñoz Escutia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
La justicia política en Tomás de Aquino y la política de la justicia en John Rawls
This article deals with the binomial justice and politics from the perspectives of Thomas Aquinas and the liberal John Rawls. Although it corresponds to different times, it is possible to establish a meeting point between these thinkers through justice and its relationship to the political level. Both themes with full validity and matter of divergent positions. For this reason, understanding what both raised in this regard can provide us with elements when considering these two concepts as necessary and essential in social construction. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to establish the aspects that are present in both authors and how they characterize the link between justice and politics from some of their works. Thus, from the analysis of their possibilities and scope, we conclude the elements that can help today in social practice and in the construction of life in common as citizens.
justicia, política, bien común, Tomás de Aquino, John Rawls
Copyright (c) 2023 Neftalí Bahamonde Aguilar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Is Plato an atomist? considerations on the primary bodies and their constitution
The text presents an analysis of Plato's dialogue Timaeus regarding the composition of the matter that constitutes the generated world. The objective is to answer the question of whether Plato is an atomist and, if so, in what sense. To do this, three proposals are analyzed: Democritus' atomism, surface atomism, and mathematical atomism, based on Brisson and Ofman's anti-atomist proposal and Di Giacomo's chemical analysis. The study focuses on the conformation of matter and the composition of the Universe. Two principles that atomist proposals should have been proposed: the theory of the constitution of the universe is based on minimal bodies that form the entirety of the world and are interchangeable between them, and it simplifies the composition of the Universe. It is concluded that Plato is not an atomist in the strict sense of the word, but his theory shares some similarities with atomism, such as the idea that matter is composed of minimal particles and the importance of proportion in the conformation of the Universe.
Copyright (c) 2024 Julián David Rodríguez Herrera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Approach to Berkeley's Philosophy of Language
This paper aims to know the most relevant ideas of Berkeley about language. Although the fact that this philosopher didn’t write systematically his thesis about language, it is possible to track references about the topic along his work. These references are more than enough to “reconstruct” a Berkelian theory of language. Some key ideas of this hypothetical theory are: the idea that language has more ends that the mere knowledge transmission; the imperative need to express ourselves with ordinary language in order to avoid misinterpretations and vacuous concepts (like the concept of matter; the identification between truth and the welfare of man (which is dictated by god) . A close view of the linguistic aspect of Berkeley's philosophy allows one to look at unnoticed features between his ideas and some contemporary philosophies such as american pragmatism, Wittgenstein’s philosophy and the ordinary language philosophy. According to this, Berkeley stands, that’s what we argue, as an unrecognized precursor of what rorty calls as “linguistic turn”.
Copyright (c) 2023 Juan David Duque García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
What relationship is there between the Piraeus and the development of the first book of the Republic?
The Plato's dialogues dramatizations matches perfectly with the philosophical, historical and literaty content. In consideration of this aspect, this work proposes an interpretation about why is the Piraeus the idoneus place for developing the Republic's first book; to look for if there is a connection between the Piraeus and justice. Into the topic discussion, there are Roochnik, D (2009) and Domingo, P (1985) interpretations, which implies the appearence of Piraeus in the dialogue for its historical simbolism and is represented in the dialogue's speakers, and Blackburn, S (2015) interpretation mentiones Plato presents a moral discussion. In addition, Vallejo, A (2018) interpretation talks the Piraeus is a quiet place, to contemplate political matters far to the Athens city, that remember the political conflicts. In the same way, the Pireaus features is used with the personal reasons of Platos ans Socrates for raise the purpose of the scenario and its relation with justice.
Copyright (c) 2023 Emanuel Osorio Arteaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The term the first: observations on the intuition of the first principles in Aristotle
The term τά πρῶτα presents new readings to understand one of the most emblematic writings attributed to the fifth-century philosopher, the Posterior Analytics, a celebrated book of tradition considered the "preamble" of Western Science. This paper shows a different view of the Anglo-Saxon discussion of the doctrine of intuition of first principles by the term τά πρῶτα. In addition, we demonstrate its relevance in Aristotelian thought, showing it as one of the first bets of the stalactite to differentiate itself from the theory of his master’s ideas. We inquire in the work with the intention of evidencing that Aristotle’s purpose is not explicitly the sketch of a "scientific system," but the establishment of the basis for a gnoseology, justified in the criticism and examination of Plato’s considerations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sebastian Mejía Morales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
This essay seeks to make an existential journey on the human constitution and its weaknesses, following Pascal's thoughts, to recognize the reality of the individual with his existing condition facing great concerns that move his soul. From the above, it seeks to rescue a new conception of life that makes him recognize himself as humble in front of nature and reality, helping him to build his life again and having this time as identity what it means to be human, to go in search of his interests and full development in the world.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Attic tragedy in the light of Nietzsche's philosophy
Nietzsche gives rise to the duplicity of the terms that he called the Apollonian and the Dionysian, making, in turn, a journey of deep philosophical and philological content in his youth work entitled: The birth of tragedy. The present work aims to reflect through the distinction and opposition between these two concepts carried out by the young Nietzsche in said work, as well as to investigate the Greek tragedy as the historical event in which both the Apollonian and the Dionysian they coexist harmoniously thanks to a miraculous act of the Hellenic will (Nietzsche, 2014), trying in turn to answer the question about the birth of the Attic tragedy. Then, emphasis will be placed on the subsequent decadence of the tragedy through authors of the stature of Euripides, and on how the figure of Socrates affects this event, finally trying to answer the question about the decadence of the Attic tragedy.
Copyright (c) 2022 INMANERE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
The following article explains the relationship that lies between the concept of nihilism, elaborated on Nietzsche’s philosophical views; and acedia, as a part of the development of the seven capital sins exposed by Thomas Aquinas. Relation that, even considering the wide range of time between these authors, can be glimpsed as how both visualize a sequence of human’s behavior that transcends all their spiritual and psychological understanding, representing the «meaninglessness» as a decisive final point in every human action that lays in those dilemmas. Furthermore, understanding the fact that both Thomas Aquinas and Nietzsche were capable of elucidate the loss of values and habits, will help us notice that the responsible of exhibiting mankind as both the victim and culprit of its own destiny are the sequence of situations attached to those moral scarcities.
Copyright (c) 2023 INMANERE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
This article analyzes the dimension of the icon, understood as a manifestation of God towards man, and how through this medium an encounter is created. This relationship is studied in the field of art, specifically that which is inspired by religious motifs; from here an analysis is made of the particularities of the icon in relation to it. For this, the origin of the icon and the essential characteristics that have constituted it as the cult image par excellence will be traced, compared to all the religious art that has been produced throughout the history of art. To this end, we will seek to glimpse how the great classical artists have changed the focus of the image and have focused on the aesthetic beauty, rather than on the background of the image made; in this way, the role played by the artist in both types of production is key.
In 2024, the Philosophy Program at the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción carried out various academic activities, such as seminars, workshops, colloquiums, and conferences, addressing both classical texts and contemporary debates. Highlights included the Philosophy Days, the indexing of the Inmanere journal, and outreach activities, fostering critical thinking and a commitment to truth and the common good.
Copyright (c) 2024 Francisco Novoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bachelor’s Degree in Religious Studies and Philosophy
The speech congratulates the graduates in Religious Studies and Philosophy, highlighting their effort, dedication, and courage in choosing a challenging path filled with profound questions. It emphasizes the value of these ancient disciplines, which invite reflection, transcendence, and dialogue, addressing the fundamental questions of existence. Graduates are reminded that their achievement is not an end but the beginning of a continuous journey of learning, marked by the pursuit of truth, respect for human dignity, and the promotion of the common good. Finally, they are encouraged to remain connected to the Faculty, which offers postgraduate programs in Theology and Philosophy, and to continue being faithful to their vocation, passionate about their knowledge, and, for those inclined, witnesses of their faith.
Copyright (c) 2024 Patricio Merino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Speech for the Bachelor's Degree in Religious Studies and Theological Studies and the Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy
The speech celebrates the graduates in Philosophy and Religious Studies, highlighting the value of the humanities in contrast to a utilitarian society. It underscores the importance of immanent activities, such as reflection and wisdom, for their spiritual richness. The resilience developed during the pandemic is acknowledged, and the relevance of their knowledge for addressing contemporary challenges is emphasized.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ignacio Miralbell https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Profound Persistence of Christian Eschatological Structures in the Western World Today
Christian eschatology has left an indelible mark on the fabric of Western thought, infiltrating and shaping its fundamental ideological structures. Even in an era defined by pronounced secularism, these doctrinal foundations persist with remarkable tenacity. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how Christian narratives of history, imbued with eschatological hope—particularly those articulated in the paradigmatic works of Saint Augustine, The City of God and The Confessions—continue to exert influence on philosophical speculation, the political sphere, visions of technical-scientific progress, and strategic responses to current environmental crises. This work argues that the attempt to forge an entirely secular reality is an illusion. The very structure of our thought is nothing more than the legacy of a Christian worldview that has been recontextualized, metamorphosed, and sometimes secularized in its form and function. Through this analysis, it will be revealed how the patterns and structures of Christian eschatological thought have not only withstood the passage of time but continue to emerge as enduring signals in the collective psyche of Western civilization, influencing interpretations of history and our contemporary stances.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luis Alejandro Vargas Vidal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Saint Agustine and Heidegger: philosophies of the search for self
This paper pretends to connect the thoughts of San Agustin of Hippo (2010) and Martin Heidegger (1997, 2009, 2012). recalling the influence of the Hiponense on the German philosopher. This is possible due to two fundamental elements in both authors: the conception of time and the importance of going to the inside world as one of the great existential concerns. Therefore, emphasis will be placed on the similarities and differences of these two philosophies in terms of what has already been described. Additionally, the different ways of reaching the same conclusion will be shown: temporality is essential to start the most important search, the search of self.
temporality, search for himself, inside world, outside world
Copyright (c) 2024 Natalia González Henao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Approaches to the relationship between science and mystic in Teilhard de Chardin
The relationship between religion and scientific activity, between mysticism and objective knowledge, has historically been problematic. The thought of Teilhard de Chardin, a Catholic priest and scientist, contains many elements that allow for a fruitful dialogue in this regard. His evolutionary theory is permeated by interpretations of a theological nature: his faith in evolution is not separated from his inner life, from his mysticism and asceticism, from his personal devotion. It explores man's spiritual experience through a particular division of human life: the field of our activities and the field of our passivity’s. In his writings, Teilhard carries out a kind of mystical pedagogy that greatly compromises our conception and personal relationship with the universe in its entirety. He himself recognizes, after reviewing historical attitudes with respect to scientific inquiry, the urgent vocation of modern consciousness towards a mysticism of science. The French thinker thus makes a valuable effort to integrate scientific research with the mystical and unitive path. In this essay a brief introduction to his particular vision will be made.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andrés Moreno Saldaña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gilles Deleuze's philosophy has developed around his so-called transcendental empiricism. While the philosophy of mind has been a battlefield where different philosophers have dealt with different problems. In the present article we pretend to make a synthesis between Deleuze's philosophy with the philosophy of mind and his idea of consciousness. This, because Deleuze's philosophy serves as a toolbox from which to extract concepts that help to address various issues. Based on a bibliographical review of both texts of the French philosopher and classic essays of the philosophy of mind, we will seek to unite both currents regarding the construction of consciousness and the use of real experience in it. In addition, we will try to give a small note of how the philosophy of transcendental empiricism could be used to deal with the problems of consciousness in the philosophy of mind
Deleuze, consciousness, transcendental empiricism, qualia, subjectivity
Copyright (c) 2024 Guillermo Nicolás Méndez Mardones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
During 2023, the Bachelor of Philosophy program at the Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception carried out various academic and formative activities aimed at providing comprehensive and excellent education to its students. These included seminars, workshops, thesis defenses, colloquiums, conferences, and other events covering a wide range of philosophical areas, from classics to contemporary debates, and combining theoretical and practical approaches. Highlighted events such as Philosophy Days, specialized seminars, the presentation of the student magazine Inmanere, national and international colloquiums, talks by renowned experts, and community outreach activities all contributed to the development of independent thinkers capable of advancing knowledge and societal progress.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethics committees as applied ethics: towards transnational civic ethics
The aim of this article is to understand ethics committees as a form of applied ethics in order to morally justify them through the approach of discourse ethics and critical hermeneutics, and their development as a transnational civic ethics. To achieve this, the notions of ethics and morality in pluralistic societies will be analyzed, as well as the distinction between maximalist ethics and minimalist ethics. Subsequently, ethics committees will be understood as applied ethics and their presence in Chilean regulations regarding their composition and functions. The proposed moral foundation for ethics committees is discourse ethics and critical hermeneutics. This approach gradually develops a transnational civic ethics, as it transcends national borders, where ethics committees focus not only on local considerations but also on establishing connections between different nations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nicolás Fuentes Valdebenito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0